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2025, Vol: 15, Issue: 1
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Review Article


Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications

Aminath Shafeenaz Moosa, Aishath Zeena Abdul Jaleel, Shifa Ishaq, Saifulla Muslim, Suha Ibraheem, Mariyam Niusha Naseer, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte.


Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious public health issue and leads to a severe warning to clinicians, public healthcare specialists and health care system. There are a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths have acquired antimicrobial resistance. This article aims to bring the recent update on AMR in bacteria, its global prevalence, morbidity and mortality, mechanisms, implications, and its consequences. A detailed study was conducted using Google Scholar, MEDLINE/PubMed, NCBI, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Web of Science data bases. All the concerned areas of research on AMR were retrieved. Important bacteria that have emerged as multiple antibiotic resistance are, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Neisseria gonorrhoea (N. gonorrhoea), Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Recently there were many cases of vancomycin resistance S. aureus (VRSA) as well as vancomycin resistance Enterococcus (VRE) were reported from many parts of the world. Due to antibiotic abuse/misuse of antibiotic therapy, several bacteria acquired multiple antibiotic resistance. The diseases produced due to these pathogens are hard to manage or cannot be treated at all. In future the AMR in bacteria poses severe threat to entire humanity due to increased mortality and morbidity. National and international health agencies should take urgent and immediate action to address this issue.

Key words: Antimicrobial resistance, AMR, Antibiotics, Silent pandemic, Bacteria


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Moosa AS, Jaleel AZA, Ishaq S, Muslim S, Ibraheem S, Naseer MN, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025; 15(1): 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2

Web Style

Moosa AS, Jaleel AZA, Ishaq S, Muslim S, Ibraheem S, Naseer MN, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. https://www.jmidonline.org/?mno=193557 [Access: April 21, 2025]. doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Moosa AS, Jaleel AZA, Ishaq S, Muslim S, Ibraheem S, Naseer MN, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. J Microbiol Infect Dis. 2025; 15(1): 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Moosa AS, Jaleel AZA, Ishaq S, Muslim S, Ibraheem S, Naseer MN, Subbaram K, Naher ZU, Faiz R, Huda A, Manandhar PL, Ali S, Tazerji SS, Duarte PM. Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. J Microbiol Infect Dis. (2025), [cited April 21, 2025]; 15(1): 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


Harvard Style

Moosa, A. S., Jaleel, . A. Z. A., Ishaq, . S., Muslim, . S., Ibraheem, . S., Naseer, . M. N., Subbaram, . K., Naher, . Z. U., Faiz, . R., Huda, . A., Manandhar, . P. L., Ali, . S., Tazerji, . S. S. & Duarte, . P. M. (2025) Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. J Microbiol Infect Dis, 15 (1), 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


Turabian Style

Moosa, Aminath Shafeenaz, Aishath Zeena Abdul Jaleel, Shifa Ishaq, Saifulla Muslim, Suha Ibraheem, Mariyam Niusha Naseer, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. 2025. Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 15 (1), 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


Chicago Style

Moosa, Aminath Shafeenaz, Aishath Zeena Abdul Jaleel, Shifa Ishaq, Saifulla Muslim, Suha Ibraheem, Mariyam Niusha Naseer, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. "Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 15 (2025), 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Moosa, Aminath Shafeenaz, Aishath Zeena Abdul Jaleel, Shifa Ishaq, Saifulla Muslim, Suha Ibraheem, Mariyam Niusha Naseer, Kannan Subbaram, Zeba Un Naher, Razana Faiz, Aminath Huda, Punya Laxmi Manandhar, Sheeza Ali, Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, and Phelipe Magalhães Duarte. "Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 15.1 (2025), 5-18 . Print. doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Moosa, A. S., Jaleel, . A. Z. A., Ishaq, . S., Muslim, . S., Ibraheem, . S., Naseer, . M. N., Subbaram, . K., Naher, . Z. U., Faiz, . R., Huda, . A., Manandhar, . P. L., Ali, . S., Tazerji, . S. S. & Duarte, . P. M. (2025) Narrative review of the silent pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and its implications. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 15 (1), 5-18 . doi:10.5455/JMID.2025.v15.i1.2


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Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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